Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif free essay sample

During his second term, he notably ordered Pakistans first nuclear tests in response to Indias nuclear tests. [1] He was ousted in an October 1999 military coup by Pervez Musharraf. He returned to Pakistan in late 2007 after eight years of forced exile. He successfully called for Musharrafs impeachment and the reinstatement of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. He is a potent force in Pakistani politics. Early life and Education Originally, his family came from the village of Heera mandi His family moved to Lahore before the creation of Pakistan for better farmland. 2] His family also traces their roots to Shopian in the Kashmir valley. [3] He was born in Lahore, Pakistan on December 25, 1949, a year after the nations founding. He came from a family of scrap traders. His father and uncles had a small steel business named as Ittefaq in Landa Bazar Lahore before the creation of Pakistan. He attended St. We will write a custom essay sample on Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anthonys School Lahore. However, he along with his younger brother Shahbaz Sharif later on attended Pakistan Railway High School, Moghalpura, and Lahore. Both passed Matric from this school in 1964 and 1965 respectively.Nawaz Sharif got admission in the Government College of Lahore. He obtained his B. A. degree after appearing in the supplementary examination. He attained his Bachelor of Law degree from the Punjab University Law College, which is also in Lahore. Business enterprise: Ittefaq Group He is a joint owner of Ittefaq Group. Ittefaq Group is one of the largest business conglomerates in Pakistan. He helped establish the Ittefaq Islamic Academy in Lahore, where students receive religious instruction in addition to their secular training.A practicing Muslim, Sharif comes from a religious family and has said he would make the teaching of the Quran, the Muslim Holy Book, a compulsory subject up to the secondary level. He appeared in one 1st class cricket match from Pakistan Railway against Karachi in 1974 where he scored a duck. He and his cousins expanded their family iron foundry. They lost control of their business in the 1972 nationalization by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. It was re-established in 1977 as Ittefaq Industries in Lahore.The business was returned after Sharif developed political links with President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq. By 1990, Ittefaq Industries was one of Pakistans most affluent conglomerates, with more than $450 million in annual revenues, up from about $16 million in 1981. It included the countrys largest private steel mill, Ittefaq Foundries (Pvt) Ltd, eight sugar mills, and four textile factories. Sharifs net worth is around US $4 billion. With upwards of hundred thousand employees, Ittefaq Group has played a significant role in the development and growth of industry in Pakistan.It has likely influenced Sharifs political career and pro-business stance as well. Initial Political Career He principally rose to political prominence as a staunch proponent of the military government of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq during the 1980s. He maintained an alliance with Rahimuddin Khan. He also had ties with ISI Director-General Hamid Gul, who played a substantial role in the formation of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad- a conservative political alliance that supported Sharif. citation needed] Punjab Advisory Council In 1981, he initially joined as a member of the Punjab Advisory Council under President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. He served as the Minister of Finance and Minister of Sports under the provincial government of Punjab. During his tenure, he was credited with increasing funding for sports activities and rural projects. He also wanted to continue the peaceful nuclear atomic program and to make Pakistan a truly Islamic state and to do so he introduced Islamic Laws such as the Shariat Ordinance and Bait-ul-Maal (to help poor orphans widows etc); Moreove r he gave tasks to the Ministry of Religious Affairs to prepare reports and recommendations for steps taken for Islamization. He ensured the establishment of three committees. 1) Ittehad-e-bain-ul-Muslemeen 2) Nifaz-e-Shariat Committee 3) Islamic Welfare CommitteeHe believed in forming a Muslim Bloc by uniting all Central Asian Muslim Countries thus he extended the membership of ECO to all Central Asian Countries. Nawaz Sharif was pretty confident that he had majority in the assembly thus he ruled with considerable confidence. He had disputes with three successive army chiefs. He contended with General Mirza Aslam Beg over the 1991 Gulf War, with General Asif Nawaz over the Sindh Operation Clean-Up issue, and with General Abdul Waheed Kakar over the Sharif-Ishaq Imbroglio.To diffuse the tension him and Benazir and to disperse the long march he promised her to release her detained husband and to abolish the Eighth amendment her Party’s co-operation (PPP). Ghulam took this as an attack on him by the ruling party so in order to win the presidential election he on April 1993, with the support of the Pak istan Army, used his reserve powers to dissolve the National Assembly and appointed Mir Balakh Sher Mazari as the Caretaker Prime Minister. In May 1993, Sharif returned to power after the Supreme Court ruled that the Presidential Order as unconstitutional and reconstituted the National Assembly.In July 1993, Sharif resigned under pressure from the military but negotiated a settlement that resulted in the removal of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. Moin Qureshi became Caretaker Prime Minister. He was succeeded shortly thereafter by Benazir Bhutto in October 1993. Second term as Prime Minister U. S. Defense Secretary, William S. Cohen, with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, at the Pentagon, 3 December 1998. He was elected Prime Minister in 1997 to serve a non-consecutive second term. [7] In August 1997, he passed the controversial Anti-Terrorist Act which established Anti-Terrorism Courts.The Supreme Court later rendered the Act unconstitutional. In 1999, he met with Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the Wagah border and signed a joint communique, known as the Lahore Declaration. [8] 1998 Pakistans nuclear tests Pakistans nuclear tests were an important turning point in his political career. Pakistan carried out its successful nuclear tests on 28 May 1998, and on 30 May 1998, in response to the Indian detonation of five nuclear devices roughly two weeks before. When India tested its nuclear arsenal a second time, it caused a great alarm in Pakistan.After weeks of anticipation, Pakistan surprised the world by conducting its own nuclear tests. Sharif proclaimed an emergency on the same day as these nuclear tests were conducted. All the foreign currency accounts in Pakistani banks were frozen to minimize the effects of economic sanctions. Nawaz put the Pakistan Armed Forces on high alert in order to defend countrys nuclear installations. He justified the tests on national security grounds, as they demonstrated Pakistans nuclear deterrent capabilities against an armed Indian nuclear program.Under Nawaz Sharifs leadership, Pakistan became the first Muslim country and seventh nation to become a nuclear power. Constitution Amendment In late August 1998, he proposed a law to establish a legal system based on the Islamic principles. [9] His proposal came a week after 10-year commemorations of the late President Zia ul-Haq. The Cabinet removed some of its controversial aspects. [10][11] The National Assembly approved and passed the bill on 10 October 1998 by 151 votes to 16. 12] However, the amendment failed to achieve two-thirds majority in the Senate. Weeks afterward, Sharifs government would suffer a military coup. Relations with the military During his second tenure, he removed General Karamat over the National Security Council disputes. He later had severe political confrontation with General Musharraf that resulted in a coup detat which removed him from office. At the end of General Waheed’s three-year term in January 1996, General Jehangir Karamat was appointed army chief. His term was due to end on 9 January 1999.In October 1998, however, Sharif fell out with General Karamat over the latter’s advocacy of the need for the creation of a National Security Council. Sharif interpreted this move to be a conspiracy to return the military to a more active role in Pakistani politics. In October 1998, General Karamat resigned and Sharif appointed General Pervez Musharraf as army chief. During the Kargil War in 1999, he claimed to have no knowledge of the planned attacks, saying that Pervez Musharraf acted alone. [13] Military coupFurther information: 1999 Pakistani coup detat On 12 October 1999, Sharif attempted to remove Pakistan Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and appoint Ziauddin Butt in his place. Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, attempted to return through a commercial airliner to return to Pakistan. Sharif ordered Sindh IG Rana Maqbool to arrest of Chief of Army Staff and Musharraf. He ordered the Karachi Airport to be sealed off to prevent the landing of the Musharrafs airliner fearing a coup detat. Sharif ordered the plane to land at Nawab Shah Airport.Musharraf contacted top Pakistan Army Generals who then took over the country and ousted Sharifs administration. Musharraf later assumed control of the government as Chief Executive. [14] Trial The military placed him on trial for kidnapping, attempted murder, hijacking and terrorism. The military court quickly convicted him and gave him a life sentence. [15] Under an agreement facilitated by Saudi Arabia, Sharif was placed in exile for the next 10 years. Return to Pakistan Failed Attempt in Islamabad On August 23, 2007, Pakistans top court ruled Nawaz Sharif and his brother, Shahbaz, were free to return.Both vowed to return soon. [16][17] On 8 September 2007, Lebanese politician Saad Hariri and Saudi intelligence chief Prince Muqrin bin Abdul-Aziz addressed an unprecedented joint press conference at Army House to discuss how Sharifs return would affect relations. [18] Muqrin stated that the initial agreement was for 10 years but these little things do not affect relations. † [18] Muqrin expressed hope that Sharif would continue with the agreement. [18] On 10 September 2007, Sharif returned from exile in London [18] to Islamabad.Post-2008 elections His party had joined a coalition led by PPP but the alliance had been strained by differences over the fate of judges Musharraf dismissed last year and over how to handle the unpopular president. [31] Sharif won much public support for his uncompromising stand against Musharraf and for his insistence the judges be reinstated. [31] The coalition successfully forced Musharrafs resignation. He also successfully pressured Zardari for the reinstatement of judges removed by Musharraf in emergency rule.This led to the courts cleansing Sharif of a criminal record rendering him eligible to re-enter parliament. [32] By-Elections In June 2008 by-elections, Sharifs party won three National Assembly seats and eight provincial assembly seats, all but one in the countrys political nerve center of Punjab province, where Shahbaz Sharif heads the provincial government. [33] The Lahore seat election was postponed because of wrangling over whether Sharif was eligible to contest. [31] [34] 2008 Musharraf impeachment On 7 August 2008, the coalition government agreed to impeach Musharraf.

Printable PDFs for Learning R-Controlled Vowel Words

Printable PDFs for Learning R-Controlled Vowel Words The vowels that are controlled by r are often difficult for children to learn. All too often, learners are taught the long and short vowels and the learner then has no idea what to call words like: cord, far, bird, taller, dirt. Reading or basal texts will often offer individual lessons rather than systematic instruction in using the r controlled vowels.  Word building activities will help support students to recognize word patterns, such as changing the first letter or letters in the r controlled vowels, i.e. change car to far and far to jar, etc. by listening for the initial sound. This is why we need to focus on the 44 sounds in spelling instead of just the consonant sounds and long and short vowel sounds, which is what teaching spelling is really all about. Here is a sample of great word study words to use to help learners learn the patterns and anomalies of some of the R-controlled vowels.   Activities to Build Decoding Skills With R-Controlled Vowels Word Building:  Using individual letter cards and small personal pocket charts, have students build r controlled words from the list below, modeling the first word and then dictating the next words, for examples: more, store, pore, chore - bark, park, lark, stark, etc.   Word Sorting:  This is an especially good activity for r controlled sounds that can be made in different ways, such as the or in oar, store, floor, door, etc. Silly Poems:  Give students a set of r controlled words and have them write silly rhyming poems, such as:  heart, smart, chart, part, start. Jim made a picture of a heart And put it on the classroom chart. Oh please, dont let me start . . . Jim thinks hes just so blessed smart! Word Cards for the Word Wall You can print the word cards below and have the students physically sort the words by putting Velcro or magnets on the back of words to sort. You could also use word families that are already prepared, which involve cutting out the words and pasting them into the correct column. Do the word sorts in small groups, or make it an activity in a reading center that two or three children can complete together.   The sound of ar as in car: arebarcarfarjarscardarkmarklarkparkjarsharkstarkremark The sound of air as in stare, care, fair: barecaredareglarefairsharetearpearsquarestaresharebewareprepare The sound of or as in pork, board, award: corkforkporkstorkborncornformhorntornforfourawardboredboardcordfordlordswordwardadoredtoward The sound of ir as in bird, heard, skirt: birdwordherdheardpreferredheardthirdoccurreddirtblurtshirtsquirtskirtconcertdesertdessertalert The sound of r as in fatter, taller, longer: butterbetterhammershutterspidermotherfathereasterearlierflowerpowerolderyoungerslowerfasterlongershorterbiggertaller

6 Interesting Facts About the Hispanic Population

6 Interesting Facts About the Hispanic Population Facts and figures about the Hispanic American population reveal it is not only the largest ethnic minority group in the United States but also one of the most complex. Individuals of any race (black, white, Native American) identify as Latino. Hispanics in the U.S. trace their roots to a variety of continents, speak a variety of languages and practice a variety of customs. As the Latino population grows, the American public’s knowledge about Hispanics grows as well. In this effort, the U.S. Census Bureau compiled statistics about Latinos in honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month that shed light on where Latinos are concentrated in the United States, how much the Latino population has grown and the strides Latinos have made in sectors such as business. Latinos face challenges as well; they remain underrepresented in higher education and suffer from high rates of poverty. As Latinos gain more resources and opportunities, expect them to excel. Population Boom With 52 million Americans identifying as Hispanic, Latinos make up 16.7% of the U.S. population. From 2010 to 2011 alone, the number of Hispanics in the country jumped by 1.3 million, a 2.5% increase. By 2050, the Hispanic population is expected to reach 132.8 million, or 30% of the projected U.S. population at that time. The Hispanic population in the U.S. in 2010 was the largest in the world outside of Mexico, which has a population of 112 million. Mexican Americans are the largest Latino group in the U.S., making up 63% of Hispanics in the nation. Next in line are Puerto Ricans, who make up 9.2% of the Hispanic population, and Cubans, who make up 3.5% of Hispanics. Hispanic Concentration in the U.S. Where are Hispanics concentrated in the country? More than 50% of Latinos call three states (California, Florida, and Texas) home. But New Mexico stands out as the state with the largest proportion  of Hispanics,  making  up 46.7% of the state. Eight states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Texas) have Hispanic populations of at least 1 million. Los Angeles County boasts the highest number of Latinos, with 4.7 million Hispanics. Eighty-two of the country’s 3,143 counties were majority-Hispanic. Flourishing in Business From 2002 to 2007, the number of Hispanic-owned businesses in 2007 jumped by 43.6% to 2.3 million. During that time frame, they grossed $350.7 billion, which represents a 58% jump between 2002 and 2007. The state of New Mexico leads the nation in Hispanic-owned businesses. There, 23.7% of businesses are Hispanic-owned. Next in line is Florida, where 22.4% of businesses are Hispanic-owned, and Texas, where 20.7% are. Challenges in Education Latinos have advances to make in education. In 2010, just 62.2% of Hispanics aged 25 and up had a high school diploma. In contrast, from 2006 to 2010, 85% of Americans aged 25 and up had graduated from high school. In 2010, only 13% of Hispanics had obtained at least a bachelor’s degree. More than double that proportion of Americans generally (27.9%) had obtained a bachelor’s degree or a graduate degree. In 2010, only 6.2% of college students were Latino. That same year just more than a million Hispanics held advanced degrees. Overcoming Poverty Hispanics were the ethnic group said to be hardest hit by the economic recession that kicked off in 2007. From 2009 to 2010, the poverty rate for Latinos actually increased to 26.6% from 25.3%. The national poverty rate in 2010 was 15.3%. Moreover, the median household income for Latinos in 2010 was just $37,759. In contrast, the median household income for the nation between 2006 and 2010 was $51,914. The good news for Latinos is that the amount of Hispanics without health insurance appears to be declining. In 2009, 31.6% of Hispanics lacked health insurance. In 2010, that figure dropped to 30.7%. Spanish Speakers Spanish speakers make up 12.8% (37 million) of the U.S. population. In 1990, 17.3 million Spanish speakers lived in the U.S. But make no mistake. Speaking Spanish doesn’t mean one isn’t fluent in English. More than half of the country’s Spanish speakers say they speak English â€Å"very well.† Most Hispanics in the U.S. (75.1%) spoke Spanish at home in 2010.

Argumentative paper in the fire service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentative paper in the fire service - Essay Example However that is not the view of some other religions, for instance Islam. In Islam topics such as sexuality are not discussed out right openly and are not considered appropriate at all for their teenagers to be taught. However a high school student will not be allowed to graduate unless they take and pass their sex education class. Does sexual education really provide a platform where it helps the teenager; regardless shouldn't the beliefs of a religion be respected first My own parents tried to talk to the dean and principal and tried to explain to them that they do not wish for me to take this class, however to their shock the request was denied. It is amazing since the American culture itself teaches nothing but respect for other cultures. Toleration is taught all through life. No prayers are said specifically since that might violate the practices of another religion. But when it comes to sex education, it is not understandable why this rule cannot be bended for Muslim children. Has it really been proven that a sexual education class actually has helped increase teenage abstinence Or has it actually decreased it Let us take a look at some statistics. According to a survey conducted by the Global Virtual University in 2002, teenagers between the ages of 15 and19, there were 53 out of every thousand teenager getting pregnant in US. United States of America is a country where we pay severe attention to sex education and make sure that it is drilled into our children's heads that it is unsafe to have sex without any protection and that teenage pregnancy are not good for their and their baby's health. The same survey was taken for a completely eastern country, where it is almost unlawful to even discuss anything related to sex, Pakistan. The figure that we see there is that every 50 girls out of 1000 become pregnant. It is not safe or recommended to completely eliminate sex education from schools; however it also not fair to hold children back from graduation ju st on the basis that they didn't attend a sex education class. It should not be mandatory in a society where we respect other religions. Even though the statistics are almost the same in both western and eastern countries, so does this justify the practice to mandate the sex education classes as a requirement for high school graduation "When it comes to opinions about sex, people all too often inhabit different worlds, speak different languages, hold incompatible and widely divergent views. The situation is further complicated by differences compounded by gender, social class, culture and other factors, and by the existence of numerous pressure groups, each with a different agenda, and often each talking at cross-purposes with the others, vying for influence in sec education policy"(Halstead, and Reiss 15). The main concern of making sex education mandatory for every student is that it violates the practices of many cultures and religions. It is not an accepted practice to discuss such issues in many cultures with their young. In the previous paragraph it has been shown that providing sex education and not providing i t has not really made a difference in the statistics of teenage pregnancy. It only varies over a 3%. So than what is to say that sex education is the only way to reform sexual attitudes in a society. "The immigrant Mus- lims are experiencing new pressures, both domestic and foreign,

Musculoskeletal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Musculoskeletal - Essay Example Another vital electrolyte in musculoskeletal function is Potassium. Its role is concerned with the neutralization of metabolic acids that deplete bone. Potassium salts taken into the body via fruits and vegetables yield Potassium bicarbonate via metabolism. Were these not to be taken in adequate amounts, they would lead to mineral compounds that alkalize bone being recruited from the bone, thus resulting in bone resorption, a possible cause for the patients need for a hip replacement. The resorption of bone to provide alkalization fluids leads to bone weakening (Denegar et al, 2004). a) Osteocytes: These are star shaped cells of the bone that are surrounded by the bone matrix. They are mature forms of other bone cells called osteoblasts. They possess long branches from their main body that extend and connect to other adjacent osteocytes. They perform a crucial role in the maintenance of body fluids of Calcium ion levels. They carry this function out by regulating the resorption and formation of bone, thus controlling the amount of calcium in the body, since Calcium ions are essential components in the formation of bone. The bone is the human body’s major Calcium reservoir. Thus, these cells end up controlling Calcium levels. The patient could have a problem with osteoclast regeneration, thus leading to continued bone depletion (Dvořà ¡k, 2009). b) Osteoblast Cells: These are primarily bone cells that form bone. They only possess one nucleus and are formed from other cells known as osteoprogenitor cells. They function via the production of osteoid, better known as the bone matrix. After secretion, the matrix is then, together with Phosphate and Calcium, mineralized to form bone (Dvořà ¡k, 2009). When these cells mature and stop producing bone, they become flat and line the bone surface. Here, they regulate the entry and departure of Calcium and

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay The assignments object is to design and evaluate an error control codec. This aims to prove in practice the Hamming code theory. In the first part there is a design of an encoder and its simulation. From the encoder simulation we can figure how the code words are generated and when a codeword is valid. The decoder purpose is to recover the codeword from the received word. To accomplish this, syndrome theory was used. A design and a simulation of the decoder is shown in answer 2. Final, a codec is designed with an addition of XOR gates to introduce errors. The main reason of this is to understand why Hamming code can detect 2 errors and correct only one. Introduction to Hamming linear block codes Noise causes errors (data distortion) during transmission. So, a received message has bit errors. A repercussion of noise is the alteration of one or more bits of a codeword. Alteration of a bit means inversion of its situation because signals have binary form. Some examples of noisy communication channels are: a) an analogue telephone line which, over which two modems communicate digital information and b) a disk drive. There are two solutions that can achieve perfect communication over an imperfect noisy communication channel, physical and system solution. Physical modifications increase the cost of the communication channel. Information theory and coding theory offer an alternative approach: we accept the given noisy channel as it is and add communication systems to it, so that we can detect and correct the errors introduced by the channel. As shown in figure 1, we add an encoder before the channel and a decoder after it. The encoder encodes the source message s into a transmitted message t, adding redundancy to the original message in some way. The channel adds noise to the transmitted message, yielding a received message r. The decoder uses the known redundancy introduced by the encoding system to infer both the original signal and the added noise. Figure 1 Error correcting codes for the binary symmetric channel [1] The only cost for system solution is a computational requirement at the encoder and decoder. Error detection and error correction In order to make error correction possible, the bit errors must be detected. When an error has been detected, the correction can be obtained by: a) receiver asks for repeated transmission of the incorrect codeword until a correct one has been received Æ’Â   Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) b) using the structure of the error correcting code to correct the error Æ’Â   Forward Error Correction (FEC). Forward Error Correction is been use for this assignment. Error Detection Automatic Repeat Request Forward Error Correction Block Code Block Code Convolutional Code Figure 2 The main methods to introduce error correction coding Linear block codes Linear block codes are a class of parity check codes that can be characterized by the (n, k) notation. The encoder transforms a block of k message digits into a longer block of n codeword digits constructed from a given alphabet of elements. When the alphabet consists of two elements (0 and 1), the code is a binary code comprising binary digits (bits).[4] The current assignment of linear block codes is restricted to binary codes. The output of an information source is a sequence of binary digits 0 or 1 (since we discuss about binary codes). In block coding, this binary information sequence is segmented into message blocks of fixed length. Each block can represent any of 2k distinct messages. The channel encoder transforms each k-bit data block into a larger block of n bits, called code bits. The (n-k) bits, which the channel encoder adds to each data block, are called redundant or parity bits. Redundant or parity bits carry no information. Such a code is referred to as an (n, k) code. [5] The encoding result is the codeword. Any generator matrix of an (n, k) code can be reduced by row operations and column permutations to the systematic form. [6] We call a systematic code the code where the first k digits (information or message bits) of the code word are exactly the same as the message bits block and the last n-k digits are the parity bits as it shown below. Message Information bits Redundant or parity bits k n-k n digit codeword Figure 3 (n, k systematic block code) Encoding and Decoding of Linear Block Codes The generator matrix is a matrix of basis vectors. The generator matrix G for an (n, k) block code can be used to generate the appropriate n-digit codeword from any given k-digit data sequence. The H and corresponding G matrices for the current assignment block code (6, 3) are shown below: Æ’Â   H is the parity check matrix Æ’Â   G is the generator matrix The first three columns are the data bits and the rest three columns are the parity bits. Systematic code words are sometimes written so that the message bits occupy the left hand portion of the codeword and the parity bits occupy the right hand portion. This reordering has no effect on the error detection or error correction properties of the code.[4] Study of G shows that on the left of the dotted partition there is a 33 unit diagonal matrix and on the right of the partition there is a parity check section. This part of G is the transpose of the left hand portion of H. As this code has a single error correcting capability then dmin, and the weight of the codeword must be 3. As the identity matrix has a single one in each row then the parity check section must contain at least two ones. In addition to this constraint, rows cannot be identical. [7] The parity check bits are selected so they are independent of each other. The Hamming distance between two code words is defined as the number of bits in which they differ. The weight of a binary codeword is defined as the number of ones which it contains (the number of the nonzero elements-bits). The codeword is given by the multiplication of data bits and the generator matrix. The operations of modulo-2 multiplication (AND) and modulo-2 addition (EXOR) are used for the binary field. Æ’Â   EXOR addition Æ’Â   AND multiplication The parity check equations are shown below: If the components of the output transmission satisfy these equations: then the received codeword is valid. These equations can be written in a matrix form: where c is the codeword. The syndrome Let c be a code vector which was transmitted over a noisy channel. At the receiver we might obtain a corrupted vector r. Decoder must recover c from r. The decoder computes, S=Hr where S is called the syndrome and r is the received vector (arranged as a column vector) then if, then r is not a code word. The syndrome is the result of a parity check performed on r to determine whether r is a valid member of the codeword set. If r is a member the syndrome S has a value 0. If r contains detectable errors, the syndrome has some nonzero value. The decoder will take actions to locate the errors and correct them in the case of FEC. No column of H can be all zeros, or else an error in the corresponding codeword position would not affect the syndrome and would be undetectable. All columns of H must be unique. If two columns of H were identical, errors in these two corresponding codeword positions would be indistinguishable. [4] Hamming code can correct a single bit error and detect two bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Answers to assignment questions Task 1 Design the encoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can implement your parity generation using XOR gates. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 1 An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry. [3] Encoder creates the codeword in a combination of information and parity bits. Interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous way in order to increase performance and avoid burst errors. In our case we use interleaved to protect the data bits from continuous error. Figure 4 Encoder design for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec Since the encoder is for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec, that means there are 3 information bits and 3 parity bits. Thus, 8 code words are generated from the encoder Æ’Â   2k where k are information bits Æ’Â   23=8. The H and G matrix are shown below for a (6, 3) Hamming code: All possible code words Message x G = Codeword Weight [000] x G 000000 0 [001] x G 001011 3 [010] x G 010101 3 [100] x G 100110 3 [011] x G 011110 4 [101] x G 101101 4 [110] x G 110011 4 [111] x G 111000 3 Table 1 All possible code words The minimum distance is dmin=3 Figure 5 Encoder simulation Checking if c=(D1D2D3P1P2P3) is a codeword The EXOR gate () is a logic gate that gives an output of 1 when only one of its inputs is 1. X1 (Input) X2 (Input) Y1 (Output) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 2 Truth table of EXOR Gate Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   c is a valid codeword. Task 2 Design the decoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting coded using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can use a 3-to-8 line decoder for syndrome decoding and XOR gates for the controlled inversion. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 2 A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. [3] Decoder tries to reveal the correct data word from the codeword. Thus means that here is the process where detection and correction of codeword take place. Figure 6 Decoder design for a (6.3) Hamming single error correcting codec Decode the received codeword Figure 7 Decoder simulation r is the received word Æ’Â   111000 Æ’Â   Æ’Â   r is code word Task 3 Join your encoder to decoder and add an XOR gate with an input in each bit transmission line to allow you to introduce errors into the transmission. Simulate your circuit and check that it can cope with the six single errors as expected. Answer 3 Figure 8 Codec desing Figure 9 Six single errors As it shown from the above figure the codec can cope with the six single errors. This is possible because: Message x G = Encoder Codeword Weight [000] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 000000 0 [001] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 001011 3 [010] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 010101 3 [100] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 100110 3 [011] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 011110 4 [101] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 101101 4 [110] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 110011 4 [111] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 111000 3 Table 3 All possible code words and their hamming weight The minimum distance of a linear block code is defined as the smallest Hamming distance between any pair of code words in the code.[5] The minimum distance is dmin=3. The error correcting capability t of a code is defined as the maximum number of guaranteed correctable errors per codeword. where t is the error correcting capability For dmin=3 we can see that all t=1 bit error patterns are correctable. In general, a t-error correcting (n, k) linear code is capable of correcting a total of 2n-k error patterns.[4] Task 4 By experimenting with your implemented codec, examine the effect, in terms of additional errors, of (i) all 15 double errors, (ii) all 20 triple errors, (iii) all 15 quadruple errors, (iv) all 6 quintuple errors, (v) the single sextuple error. Note. You only need consider one of the 8 possible input data words. Why? Answer 4 (i) Figure 10 15 double errors (ii) Figure 11 20 triple errors (iii) Figure 12 15 quadruple errors (iv) Figure 13 6 quintuple errors (v) Figure 14 The single sextuple error Since the error correcting capability is tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1, our codec cant detect or correct more than 1 error. Thus, the above results. Task 5 Calculate the post codec probability of a code being in error, A(n), for each of the five categories examined in Task 4. Then calculate the overall number of errors per 6 bit word, Eav, given by the following model based on the binomial distribution as function of the channel bit error probability p. Plot the decoded error probability as function of p. Over what range of p do you conclude that this codec is useful and why? Answer 5 A(n)=1-(number of correct errors/number of total errors) A(n) is going to be always 1 except the case where the codec detects and corrects 1 single error Æ’Â   then A(n)=1 Using matlab for the plot p=[0:0.01:1]; Eav=[15*p.^2.*(1-p).^4+20*p.^3.*(1-p).^3+15*p.^4.*(1-p).^2+6*p.^5.*(1-p).^1+p.^6.*(1-p).^0];pd=Eav/6; plot(p,pd) xlabel(Bit error probability (p)) ylabel(Decoder error probability Pd(p)) grid on Figure 15 Plot of decoder error probability (pd) as function of p Conclusions Parity bits must be added for the error detection and correction. Hamming distance is the criterion for error detection and correction. Error detection can be done with addition of one parity bit but error correction needs more parity bits (Hamming code). Hamming code can detect 2 bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Hamming code can correct only a single bit error. The ability to correct single bit errors comes at a cost which is less than sending the entire message twice. Sending a message twice is not accomplish an error correction.

Plastic Surgery On Society Health And Social Care Essay

The promotions in engineering in medical scientific discipline have opened the doors to better intervention possibilities with minimum side effects being witnessed station intervention. Peoples are now able to avail interventions for such complications which require extremely complex and minute processs to be performed where the deductions of the being of mistakes are extremely fatal. With the inclusion of robotic engineering and advanced medical equipment substructure, processs have now become extremely convenient and accessible to the people and this feasibleness has besides enabled the health care professionals to supply better medical service to the consumers ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . The development of plastic surgery that has been witnessed over the recent old ages has given rise to assorted chances wherein the usage of medical engineerings are being used to heighten personal physical characteristics instead than seeing the medical processs as a agency of intervention of unwellnesss. Among these processs, plastic surgery is the most widely sought characteristic alteration and sweetening methods which have enabled farther developments in the medical field. Plastic surgery had originated as a means to supply rehabilitative steps for the damaged parts of the physical parts of the organic structure. These parts can acquire damaged or injured due to accidents or assorted other stimulation. Plastic surgery aims at retracing and / or modifying the visual aspect every bit good as the map of the several limb ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . Plastic surgery is divided into two parts, decorative plastic surgery and rehabilitative plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery seeks to better the patient ‘s characteristics on a strictly beauty degree. Reconstructive surgery seeks to repair any physical characteristic, which is deformed by unwellness, accidents or birth defect or imperfectness. It besides provides a important grade of functional sweetening so as to enable the patient to recover most of the existent functionality which existed for the several portion. Traditionally these procedures have been used to handle amendss and conceal the cicatrixs originating out of deep lesions or skin harm. Reconstructive surgery is besides being considered as a feasible option for those who want to heighten one ‘s mobility and functionality in instances of incidents which render a individual partly disable ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . Cosmetic plastic surgery nevertheless is one of the most popular medical processs to be undertaken today with the advancement of this process being witnessed geographically. This has been farther strengthened by the presence of medical touristry possibilities which has enhanced the possibilities for availing the decorative intervention in foreign locations. One of the primary grounds which can be attributed to the addition in the use of decorative surgery processs is the desire of the people to resemble their favourite famous persons in footings of physical visual aspect and beauty. Peoples have been known to pass immense sums of money and have undertaken painful attempts in order to do themselves similar to the famous persons. Though this may look like a mere captivation and grasp of the famous persons by the fans, there is a dark side to the uninterrupted use of such processs wherein an compulsion is created in the people sing the frequent use of the processs for keeping their cove ted degrees of characteristics. Plastic surgery is associated with a broad scope of results witnessed chiefly on the emotional, psychological and physical degrees. All of these degrees have positive and negative facets associated with them ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . However the current tendency of going competitory in footings of physical characteristics has led to the inauspicious results being witnessed in instances where the patients have resorted to the usage of new unseasoned drugs or in instances when there is a natural inauspicious reaction to the process. In either instance, there is a terrible impact of these processs on the societal environment wherein assorted persons and groups are subjected to the results ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) .General Impacts of Lipoplasty:The turning corpulent and fleshy population in the universe today has led people to seek suction lipectomy which is one of most sought decorative processs for cut downing the fat content in the organic structure. However this process has now diversified into processs being conducted on specific parts of the organic structure wherein the fat is removed normally by equipment which is used to suction the fat that is antecedently made into a more liquid pr ovince by agencies of certain chemicals. It is due to this suction of the lipoids that the process has been popularly termed as suction lipectomy. This process is an instant solution to overweight and people are provided important alleviation from traveling to the gym or to set about strenuous exercise agendas. But this process is an invasive procedure affecting the surgical invasion of the equipment into the organic structure and hence like any other surgery, there is a reasonably high hazard of the happening of inauspicious reactions to the process. These hazards are inclusive of bad bruising, thrombophlebitis, redness, Contour Irregularities, numbness, puncturing of the internal variety meats, infections, pneumonic hydrops, pneumonic intercalation, tegument Burnss, and allergic reactions to the processs and / or the drugs used, complications in the lungs or the bosom, lidocaine toxicity and in some instances, even decease. There is a important deficiency of consciousness about su ch processs in the society wherein the people are normally awed by the benefits of the process and in their attempts to accomplish the desired results they overlook the possible hardships which could be experienced by them if equal safeguards are non undertaken ( Sunishka Wimalawansa, 2009 ) . There is a high degree of fight in the society which is characterized by the inordinate accent being maintained on the expressions of a individual. The current tendencies indicate the demand for every person to possess the perfect organic structure and fat free personalities so as to be able to look acceptable in the societal kingdom. The fright of being made merriment of and being pushed away by the society has driven the people, particularly the young person and the aged section to set about such steps. While the young person and the aged cabal of the population have differing demands from the suction lipectomy process, the results have been reported to be drastic which non merely has a durable impact on the emotional kingdom of the people but it has besides driven people to bizarre behaviour. The aged are motivated for following this process as it helps them to look younger even though their natural capacity and opposition is maintained as per their existent age. Social norms and peer force per unit area agents dictate the extent to which the people may travel to transform and modify their visual aspect ( Sadick, 2008 ) . The older cabal ‘s demand to look immature and dissemble one ‘s true age has reached paramount importance in people. They try to copy the famous persons and take attempts to be able to hold a vernal personality like them. These instant alterations are hazards for the people as the famous persons undergo infinite processs affecting big disbursals made in this respect. As a consequence of the high demand for these processs, the medical practicians have increased overall costs of the processs which have resulted in the being of another issue for the society in footings of pecuniary inadequacy. Peoples have been known to pass immense sums of valuable money to set about these processs which may hold a direct impact on the other fundss which the people may hold. Their compulsion with beauty has caused more harm than good when a bulk of the income of the members of the society is being diverted to the payment for the plastic surgeries. Another facet of this state of affairs is t hat people have been known to get loans for obtaining the financess for the intervention processs. These processs are non merely short lived but in order to keep the effectivity of the results, these processs need to be repeated after specific intervals which non merely affects the wellness of the person but besides incurs immense disbursals for the patients ( J & A ; aacute ; vo, 2012 )Emotional and Psychological Impact of Lipoplasty on the Society:Fleshiness is a serious societal immorality where corpulent people are frequently made the topic of jeer and are looked down upon in the society. This behavioural response of the people in the society drives the people to set about such drastic steps to accomplish the coveted physical characteristics. But in this procedure, the people set up really high outlooks from the processs with unreal and excessively ambitious results being expected from the medical practicians. In the event of the accomplishment of fewer results in comparing with the coveted results, the people might come in a province of depression which is further complicated by the deficiency of emotional support being provided to the patients. Another inauspicious result which is apparent in such instances is the return of fleshiness which would impact overall perceptual experience of the patient. When faced with this contradiction, the patient either loses all religion in the processs or is driven to set about more processs till the clip the desired results are achieved. However the human organic structure has adaptability continuance and such drastic and frequent alterations in the organic structure might take to the rejection of the alterations and could give manner to severe complications that would hold a long term impact on the patient ( David J Castle, 2007 ) . Surveies have shown that fleshiness is one such status which can impact the psychological positions of the person. In the event of the development of complexnesss and contraindications in the patients, they may besides be exhibit turns of emotional effusions due to their perceived self image being much more glorious than the existent results. However the psychological facets of suction lipectomy do non ever have a negative result. The other facet of this process is that the decrease in organic structure weight and fat have enabled to do themselves more presentable in societal circles and this has been one of the major factors for the development of ego assurance in the people. In some instances, the effects of suction lipectomy have besides provided the persons with the opportunity of get bying with the quandary of societal individuality and presence quandary. Other plastic surgery processs have enabled people to dissemble their cicatrixs and other such characteristics such as gynaec omastia which may seen socially unacceptable due to their eccentric characteristics and mentality. In footings of suction lipectomy, gynaecomastia is the major issue refering the male population as this status leads to the expansion of the mammary parts in males which makes them resemble like female chests. This is non merely an awkward characteristic sing the image of the male in the society but besides subjects the patient with societal jeer and rejection at times. With the aid of suction lipectomy, the people are able to do themselves more presentable to the society and thereby get awaying jeer or being made the topic of rejection. This is an illustration of the benefits of the use of plastic surgery processs on the emotional and psychological facets of such processs ( David J Castle, 2007 ) . Peoples globally have generated a belief in the society where the demand to hold perfect organic structure proportions defines the mode in which the image of a individual is perceived in the society. This perceptual experience has besides infiltrated the confines of the households where hubbies have expressed an involvement in the physical mentality of their life spouses. If the married womans are unable to follow with their outlooks, so their soldierly relation is frequently nullified as the work forces seek more beautiful opposite numbers for their married womans. Every civilization puts frontward certain features that are preferred in both work forces and adult females and the absence or deficiency of such characteristics causes depression in the people as they are non seen in a feasible place in the society. This besides drives them to set about the surgical processs in order to get the better of their defects. The demand for these processs to be adopted by adult females is acqui ring attending of their hubbies. The positive facets of this scenario are that they are made capable of run intoing the outlooks as per societal norms and in bend they are able to engender spouses with good physical features. They besides develop a higher degree of assurance which enables better interactions to be maintained in the societal kingdom. The negative facets of this scenario is that the possible complications originating from such processs could turn out to be fatal for the patient and their finding to follow with societal norms would merely take to sculpt results being faced by them ( David J Castle, 2007 ) .Effectiveness of the Plastic Surgery Procedures:The effectivity of the plastic surgery processs has ever been a subject of argument as the rating of the results is significantly dependent on the perceptual experiences of the people and the extent to which the surgical process is able to stand up to their outlooks. There are several factors which may take to the devel opment of complications or may even decline the complications that have surfaced in the patients. The bulk of the factors pertain to the physical features of the person and the ability of the individual ‘s immune system to integrate the drugs that are administered in the procedure ( What Is Liposuction? Liposuction Risks And Benefits, 2012 ) . The followers is a summarisation of the factors that contribute to the development of the complications in the patient station operation: Sl. No. Factors impacting Surgery Possible Complications Factors declining Complications 1 Age of Patient Infection at the operation site. Smoke and / or Consumption of spirits in any signifier 2 Overall Patient Health Excessive hemorrhage. Damaging of connective tissues. 3 Patient ‘s Medical History Bruising of the operated site / part. Happening of skin harm due to proviso of radiation therapy. 4 Extent of the abnormalcy / malformation Incomplete healing of lesion. Adverse effects of weakened immune system due to the presence of HIV+ in the patient. 5 Expectations of the patients Surgical complications Poor nutritionary wonts. 6–Complications based on the type of anaesthesia used during the process. Decrease in blood flow station operation which could detain the healing of the operated site and could take to the incurrence of assorted infections. ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) The above mentioned factors determine to some extent the predicted result of the surgeries in such conditions. The processs conducted on the patients are irrevokable and irreversible but this does non intend that the effects of the surgery are besides lasting. These alterations last for a limited clip on the footing of the precautional steps and the environmental factors impacting the same ( What Is Liposuction? Liposuction Risks And Benefits, 2012 ) . Procedures such as suction lipectomy have been late reported to hold uneffective results. But the patients do non see their ain personal features or the deficiency of equal attending being given to the operated site. In the instance of such deficiency of attention, there is a high hazard of developing complications. If intelligence of such drastic results are made public so the people are misled either deliberately or accidentally to discourage from utilizing a peculiar engineering. While this may be considered as a positive move being made by the people, the negative facet associated with this is normally ignored as the people do non experience that the other facets have a important impact on their lives. But the mass disincentive to utilize a peculiar engineering has driven people to set about such processs in hastiness which are non certified by authorised organic structures and this subjects them to high hazard of damaging themselves and their external expressions drastically ( W hat Is Liposuction? Liposuction Risks And Benefits, 2012 ) .Research Data Analysis:In order to understand the deductions of plastic surgeries, a study was conducted so as to obtain the sentiment of the people sing the impact of plastic surgery processs, particularly suction lipectomy, on the societal kingdom. ( Please refer to Appendix A for a transcript of the Survey Prepared for obtaining the positions of the people sing plastic surgery. ) The sample size was maintained at 100 respondents consisting of people from all age groups and ethnicity. No specific population has been identified for the research as the society in general is constituted of people belonging to diverse cultural sections.Discussion:On the footing of the replies obtained by the study designed for this study, it was noted that people by and large indulge in plastic surgery today to heighten their characteristics and do themselves more attractive while avoiding the existent functional usage of the plastic surgeries. The attainment of a perfect figure was the primary ground stated by the respondents in the context of the demand to set about such surgeries. This is in support of our statement which highlighted this demand as the drive factor behind the use of these processs. Assorted responses were obtained from the respondents in the context of the proviso of emotional support which clearly indicates the fact there is no installation to supply the requi re support to the patients by agencies of which they may be able to get the better of their complications or even develop the needed assurance to get by with the alterations. Peoples have besides expressed their vacillation in accepting those members of the society who indulge in surgical processs for the sweetening of their characteristics. This is clearly a society specific position where the positions may differ from society to society. A bulk of the respondents were unsure of the effectivity of the surgical processs and were non certain whether these effects lasted everlastingly or for a specific continuance. In this respect it should be noted that the proviso of equal public consciousness is quintessential for keeping the efficiency and effectivity of the procedure. About 80 % of the respondents have agreed to the fact that these processs have been extremely good in the development of ego assurance in the people and the people have been enabled to do themselves more presentable to the society. Assorted responses were obtained when the respondents were asked whether people could be driven to compulsion and dependence with regard to these processs. Similar responses were obtained in the instance of the hazards associated with these processs which farther strengthen the demand for public consciousness to be made in this respect.Recommendation:In order to guarantee the effectivity of the plastic surgery process, the undermentioned recommendations are made: Awareness should be generated among the people sing the hazards involved with these processs and the results / complications which could develop if equal precautional steps are non undertaken. The outlooks from the process should be maintained realistically with no extraordinary and bizarre purposes being defined by the people. Tested and adequately certified processs should be sought by the patients in order to minimise the hazard of the development of station operative complications. The patients should measure their ain personal physical features and the resiliency of the immune systems before set abouting any process. The society should be encouraged to accept people in their existent individuality without specifying rigorous positions based on physical features. This is a signifier of complete biasness towards the members of the several society.Decision:Plastic Surgery is decidedly a great tool for rectifying physical malformations and get the better ofing societal carelessness due to the presence of these malformations in a individual. However the abuse of this blessing has resulted in the lives of many people with an every bit big population still enduring from the desperate effects of the surgeries. Most of these effects are realized after a important clip has elapsed after the surgery has been conducted. It is quintessential for people to understand the hazards associated with these processs before choosing for it. The disenchantment offered by widespread promotion of such processs by famous persons has endangered the wellness and lives of many who undergo this life changing process merely to accomplish flawlessness immediately. A thorough cognition of such surgeries should be availed to salvage non merely 1 ‘s ain life and wellness but besides of those who have been influenced into choosing for such processs. Hence the deductions of plastic surgery portray a important negative impact on the people ( Holley, 2011 )